GABITRIL

Gabitril 5 mg, film-coated tablet

Each Gabitril 5 mg tablet contains:

Tiagabine 5 mg (as hydrochloride monohydrate)

Excipient(s) with known effect:

Each Gabitril 5 mg film-coated tablet contains 58 mg of lactose.

Forthe full list of excipients, see section 6.1.

Gabitril 5 mg film-coated tablet is a white, round biconvex film-coated tablet embossed on one side with "251".

Add-on treatment of partial seizures with or without secondary generalisation which are not satisfactorily controlled with other anti-epileptic drugs.

The drug should only be used in adults and adolescents over 12 years.

Method of administration

Gabitril is given orally and should be taken with meals.

Posology

Rapid titration and/or large dose increments of tiagabine may not be well-tolerated and should be avoided (see section 4.4)

Paediatric population below 12 years

Tiagabine is not recommended for use in children below 12 years due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy (see section 4.4).

Adults and adolescents over 12 years:

Dosing schemes may need to be individualised based upon a patient’s particular characteristics such as age, liver function and concomitant medications (see section 4.5).

The initial daily dose should be taken as a single dose or divided into two doses. The daily maintenance dose should be divided into two or three single doses.

In association with enzyme-inducing drugs:

The initial dose is 5-10 mg/day tiagabine, followed by dose titration in weekly increments of 5-10 mg/day to reach the maintenance dose.

The usual maintenance dose in patients taking enzyme-inducing drugs is 30-50mg/day. Doses up to 70 mg/day are well tolerated.

In association with non enzyme-inducing drugs:

The initial dose is 5-10 mg/day tiagabine, followed by dose titration in weekly increments of 5-10 mg/day to reach the maintenance dose.

Elderly: The pharmacokinetic properties of tiagabine do not seem to be significantly modified in the elderly. However, only limited information is available on the use of Gabitril in elderly patients. It is therefore recommended to use tiagabine with caution in this age group.

Patients with renal insufficiency: Renal insufficiency does not affect the pharmacokinetics of tiagabine, therefore the dosage does not need to be modified in this type of patient.

Patients with impaired liver function: Tiagabine is metabolised in the liver and since the pharmacokinetics of tiagabine in patients with mild to moderate impaired liver function is modified (see Section 5.2), the Gabitril dosage should be adjusted by reducing the individual doses and/or prolonging the dose intervals.

Gabitril should not be used in case of:

- Hypersensitivity to the active substance(s) or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

- Severely impaired liver function.

- combination with St John Wort (Hypericum perforatum) (see section 4.5).

In the absence of clinical data, Gabitril is generally not to be recommended in generalised epilepsy, particularly the idiopathic forms with absences and Lennox Gastaut syndrome, or similar forms. Furthermore, in view of the GABAergic mode of action of tiagabine and the data from animal studies, a risk of aggravation of absences in patients with generalised epilepsy treated with Gabitril cannot be excluded.

Tiagabine is not recommended for use in children below 12 years due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy (See section 4.2).

Post-marketing reports have shown that Gabitril use has been associated with new onset seizures and status epilepticus in patients without epilepsy. Although seizures have been reported in patients taking normal daily doses of tiagabine, most of the cases have been reported in context of overdoses (see section 4.9) or after a too fast titration rate. Other confounding factors that may have contributed to development of seizures in non epileptic patients include underlying medical conditions or concomitant medications that can reduce seizure threshold.

Safety and effectiveness of Gabitril have not been established for any indication other than add-on treatment of partial seizures with or without secondary generalization in adults and adolescents over 12 years not satisfactory controlled with other anti-epileptic drugs.

Rapid titration and/or large dose increments of tiagabine may not be well-tolerated and should be avoided (see section 4.2)

As with all other anti-epileptic drugs, abrupt discontinuation of the treatment may cause recurrence of seizures. It is therefore recommended to reduce the dose gradually over a period of 2-3 weeks.

In patients with a history of serious behavioural problems including generalised anxiety and depression, there is a risk of recurrence of these symptoms during treatment with Gabitril, as can be seen with certain other anti-epileptic drugs. Treatment should therefore be started with a low initial dose under careful clinical observation.

Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with antiepileptic agents in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials of anti-epileptic drugs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for tiagabine.

Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge.

As with other anti-epileptic drugs, some patients may experience an increase in seizure frequency or the onset of new types of seizures with tiagabine. These phenomena may be the consequence of an overdose, a decrease in plasma concentrations of concomitantly used anti-epileptics, progress of the disease, or a paradoxical effect.

Spontaneous ecchymoses have been reported. Therefore, if ecchymoses are observed, full blood count including platelet count should be performed.

Rare cases of visual field defects have been reported with tiagabine. If visual symptoms develop, the patient should be referred to an ophthalmologist for further evaluation including perimetry.

Due to the presence of lactose, patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.

Concomitant use with medicinal products involving CYP 3A4/5 metabolism:

Anti-epileptic agents which induce hepatic enzymes (CYP 450) such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and primidone enhance the metabolism of tiagabine.

The combination of tiagabine with St John Wort (Hypericum perforatum) may lead to lower exposure and loss of efficacy of tiagabine, due to the potent induction of CYP3A4 by St John Wort (increasing tiagabine metabolism). Therefore, the combination of tiagabine with St John’s Wort is contra-indicated (see also section 4.3).

Rifampicine (CYP inducer) enhances the metabolism of tiagabine.

In case of combination with one or several of these medicinal products (anti-epileptic agents, rifampicine), the dose of tiagabine could be adapted: increase of daily dose and/or more frequent administration in order to achieve the clinical response.

Concomitant use with non-inducing medicinal products:

Following a given dose of tiagabine, the estimated plasma concentration in non-induced patients is more than twice that in patients receiving enzyme-inducing agents. To achieve similar systemic exposures of tiagabine, non-induced patients require lower and less frequent doses of tiagabine than induced patients. These patients may also require a slower titration of tiagabine compared to that of induced patients.

Gabitril does not have any clinically significant effect on the plasma concentrations of phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, valproate, warfarin, digoxin, theophylline and hormones from oral contraceptives.

Cimetidine does not have a clinically significant effect on tiagabine plasma levels.

Gabitril might cause dizziness or other CNS related symptoms, especially during initial treatment. Therefore, caution should be shown by patients driving vehicles or operating machinery.

Adverse events are generally mild to moderate. Most events occur during the titration phase and are often transient (see section 4.2).

The frequency of adverse reactions listed below is defined using the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000, < 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10 000,< 1/1,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Psychiatric disorders

Very common: Depressed mood, Nervousness, Mental concentration difficulty

Common: Emotional lability.

Rare: Confusion, Paranoid reactions (hallucination, agitation and delusion).

Nervous system disorders

Very common: Dizziness, Tremor, Somnolence

Rare: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus

Not known: Encephalopathy

Eye disorders

Rare: Visual field defects (see section 4.4)

Gastrointestinal disorders

Very common: Nausea

Common: Diarrhoea, Abdominal pain

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Common: Ecchymoses

General disorders and administration site conditions

Very common: Tiredness

Investigations

Rare: Slow-down EEG associated with a rapid titration phase or tiagabine increasing dose

Post marketing data:

Post-marketing reports have shown that Gabitril use has been associated with new onset seizures and status epilepticus in patients without epilepsy treated by tiagabine for unapproved indication (see section 4.4).

During post-marketing experience, there have been reports of vision blurred, vomiting, ataxia, abnormal gait, speech disorder, hostility, insomnia, dermatitis bullous, vesiculobullous rash and muscle twitching.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via HPRA Pharmacovigilance, Earlsfort Terrace, IRL - Dublin 2; Tel: +353 1 6764971; Fax: +353 1 6762517. Website:www.hpra.ie; E-mail:medsafety@hpra.ie.

Symptoms most often accompanying Gabitril overdose, alone or in combination with other medicinal products, have included seizures, including status epilepticus, in patients with and without underlying seizure disorders, mute and withdrawn appearance of the patient, coma, spike wave stupor, encephalopathy, somnolence, myoclonus, tremors, ataxia or incoordination, dizziness, impaired speech, hostility, agitation, vomiting, and respiratory depression has been seen in the context of seizures.

From post-marketing experience, there have been no reports of fatal overdoses involving Gabitril alone (doses up to 720 mg), although a number of patients required intubation and ventilatory support as part of the management of their status epilepticus.

In case of overdose, standard symptomatic treatment is recommended. Hospitalisation can be recommended in case of severe overdoses.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anti-epileptic / fatty acid derivative

ATC code: N03A G06

Tiagabine is a potent and selective inhibitor of both neuronal and glial GABA uptake.

Treatment with Gabitril leads to an increase in brain levels of GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Tiagabine lacks significant affinity for other neurotransmitter receptor bind­ing and/or uptake sites.

Absorption

Tiagabine is rapidly and virtually completely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract, with an absolute bioavailability of 89%. Administration of Gabitril with food results in a lower plasma concentration peak and a delay of the peak, but without changing the total quantity absorbed.

Distribution

The volume of distribution is approximately 1 l/kg. Plasma protein binding of tiagabine is about 96%.

Biotransformation / Elimination

Tiagabine is widely metabolised in humans, mainly by the liver CYP3A system.

There is no evidence that tiagabine causes induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450. Conversely, other antiepileptics such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and primidone increase the hepatic clearance of tiagabine when given concomitantly. The plasma half-life of tiagabine which is normally 7-9 hours, is reduced to 2-3 hours in combination with these substances.

In the urine less than 1% is excreted unchanged and 14% as two 5-oxo-thiolene isomers. The rest is excreted in faeces as metabolites. No active metabolites have been identified.

Hepatic insufficiency

A study in patients with mild to moderate impaired liver function has shown a 50% increase of the plasma concentration peak of tiagabine and a 70% increase of the area under the curve. The half-life of tiagabine is prolonged with the degree of impairment of liver function. However, no patients with severe impairment of liver function were included in the study (see section 4.3).

The dosage of tiagabine should be modified in patients with mild to moderate impaired liver function (see section 4.2).

A long term carcinogenicity study in rats revealed a slightly increased incidence of hepatocellular adenomas in females in the high dose (200 mg/kg). The drug is non-genotoxic. The clinical relevance of these abnormalities is unknown.

Tablet core:

Cellulose, microcrystalline (E460)

Ascorbic acid (E300)

Lactose anhydrous

Starch, pregelatinised (maize)

Crospovidone

Silica, colloidal anhydrous (E 551)

Hydrogenated vegetable oil (Type 1)

Stearic acid

Magnesium stearate

Film-coating:

Hypromellose

Hydroxypropylcellulose (E463)

Titanium dioxide (E171)

Not applicable.

3 years

Do not refrigerate or freeze.

Store in the original package.

Child resistant, white polyethylene bottles with white polypropylene screw closures. Each bottle contains a high density polyethylene canister of activated clay desiccant.

Packs containing 20, 30, 50, 100 (2 bottles of 50) and 200 (4 bottles of 50) tablets.

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

No special requirements.

Teva Pharma B.V.

Swensweg 5

2031 GA Haarlem

The Netherlands

PA0749/199/001

Date of first authorisation: 07 March 1997

Date of last renewal: 14 June 2006

September 2016